The work includes 'Íslendingasaga' (or 'Saga of the Icelanders'), which, along with 'Hákonarsaga Hákonarsonar' ('King Hakon's Saga') give us much of what we know about Snorri's life as a chieftain, both composed by Snorri's nephew Sturla Þórðarson. In Europe, the status and mobility of women and non-Christians was further marginalized and inhibited by the Christian church. And in Iceland, a handful of powerful chieftains vied for greater influence over an island that would lose its independence before the century's end.Īs the Saga-savvy reader well-knows, this is the very task achieved by the 'Sturlunga saga' (or, the 'Sturlunga'). While the era saw great advancements in the sciences and humanities thanks to Muslim scholars and polymaths, it was also a period of religious violence and Crusading fervor.

In England, a group of wealthy nobles forced a (wealthier) monarch to sign Magna Carta, a document whose full impact was still centuries away. In Africa, the Mali and Ethiopian empires and the Kingdom of Zimbabwe rose to prominence, while across the ocean, the Pueblo culture flourished as the nomadic tribes who would build the Aztec empire moved into Mesoamerica. In Rome, the Fourth Lateran Council discussed and made doctrine what constituted heresy, what was and wasn't a sacrament, and who could and should be persecuted, put to death, or warred with under these definitions. The Mongol Empire kicked its seemingly unstoppable expansion into a whole new gear.

The 13th tale book